Greenland is a self-governing territory within the Kingdom of Denmark with significant deposits of critical minerals such as rare earth elements, which are vital for clean energy, technology, and defence supply chains. Due to its Arctic location and mineral potential, Greenland has attracted strategic interest from major powers, particularly the United States, China, and the European Union. The US views Greenland as crucial for Arctic security and allied supply chains, while China has sought limited mining involvement as part of its broader global resource strategy. The EU has recently pursued closer cooperation with Greenland through strategic partnerships focused on sustainable mining, reducing dependence on Chinese rare earths, and respecting Greenlandic autonomy.